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Composting: Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio and Microbial Dynamics

  Composting:  Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio and Microbial Dynamics 1. Introduction to Composting Composting is a controlled biological process in which microorganisms decompose organic matter into nutrient-rich humus. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio is the most critical factor influencing microbial activity, decomposition efficiency, and compost quality. A balanced C:N ratio ensures optimal microbial growth, minimizes odors, and produces stable compost suitable for soil amendment. 2. Microbial Communities in Composting 2.1 Bacteria: The Primary Decomposers Bacteria dominate the early stages of composting, rapidly breaking down simple sugars, proteins, and fats. Mesophilic bacteria (20–40°C) initiate decomposition, while thermophilic bacteria (40–70°C) drive the high-temperature phase, killing pathogens and weed seeds. 2.2 Fungi: Degraders of Complex Organics Fungi, including molds and white-rot species, become prominent in later stages. They specialize in decomposing ligni...
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Photosynthetic Bacteria

  Photosynthetic Bacteria Introduction Photosynthetic bacteria are among Earth’s oldest life forms, dating back over  3 billion years . These microorganisms revolutionized the planet by inventing photosynthesis—long before plants existed. Unlike the familiar oxygenic photosynthesis of trees and algae, many photosynthetic bacteria perform  anoxygenic photosynthesis , using hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or organic molecules instead of water. Today, they thrive in environments from ocean depths to hot springs, playing critical roles in ecology, industry, and even medicine. Classification of Photosynthetic Bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria are divided into  oxygenic  (O₂-producing) and  anoxygenic  (non-O₂-producing) groups based on their pigments and electron donors. 1. Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) l  Pigments : Chlorophyll *a* and phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin). l  Habitat : Freshwater, oceans, d...
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